My Life as a Soldier in World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Life as a Soldier in World War I - Essay Example Life in the channels was incredibly loathsome for me. The conceivable outcomes of adversary assaults and sicknesses were spooky me and numerous other American warriors who were in my brigade. Channel life kept us from legitimate dozing, washing, and taking nourishments. The unsettling influence of rodents, lice and so on raised more ruckus during my channel life. A portion of the rodents which made unsettling influences us during WW1 were of the size of a feline. Life setbacks were more in WW1 and dead assortments of the officers were going to our military camp calm routinely. It was hard for us to give an appropriate burial service to our associates who battled fearlessly for the nation. American government was very little keen on giving admiration or giving proper respect to the dead assortments of the troopers around then. A considerable lot of the dead bodies were singed utilizing petroleum since it was hard for us to focus on the typical memorial service exercises. I was a leade r in American armed force during WW1. So I compelled to take numerous choices during the war time frame. Actually it was hard for me to allot various missions to various troopers. Various feelings that were going through the essences of the fighters while getting risky undertakings were frightful encounters for me. It was obvious that a considerable lot of the troopers who were sending for the risky missions may not return alive. Being an officer, it was unimaginable for me to think about helpful issues during the war time frame. I recall numerous events where I compelled to propel even sick troopers to take part in a works. On numerous events, I compelled to progress further leaving the genuinely injured officers behind. It ought to be noticed that offering care to injured officers at the hour of extraordinary battle may cause more losses. Family members of the fighters who endured demise never got the data about their passing in time. Truth be told, we had gotten numerous letters from the spouses of the fighters who were murdered numerous prior weeks. It was actually a horrendous encounter to peruse every one of these letters and send any answer to them. I recollect one occasion in which I got a letter from a slaughtered soldier’s spouse. I understood the profundity of their affection and closeness from this letter. She was really pregnant and the genuine expectation of this letter was to pass on the uplifting news to her significant other. A few tears filled in my eyes, and chose to send an answer to this lady. It ought to be noticed that correspondence channels were very little evolved during WW1 and sending letters was the significant correspondence movement performed by the officers and their family members. In my answer letter, I portrayed her significant other as a fearless one and educated her about his passing. I solicited her to be pleased from the heroics done by her better half and offered the thanks of American armed force to her for the e xtraordinary administrations reached out by her significant other. It was actually a contacting second in my life. At the hour of wring the answer, I battled to get reasonable words. American culture has changed much after WW1. Before WW1, a significant number of the Americans bolstered wars. It ought to be noticed that the first run through utilization of refined weapons caused more passing losses than foreseen in WW1. The loss of darling ones constrained American culture to update their perspectives about wars. The enormous pulverization of properties constrained Americans to consider the necessities of maintaining a strategic distance from wars in future. â€Å"In the 1920s, individuals appeared to be less keen on progress and were progressively inspired by indulgence. It resembles

Week 3 discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 3 conversation - Assignment Example Then again, the adolescence stages among young ladies start by advancement and development of the bosoms. This is generally trailed by increment in stature, midriff size and the general body weight (Salkind, 2002). The hips additionally widen followed by whitish virginal discharge, coupled by development of pubic hair in the armpits just as in the vaginal zone. The main menstrual cycle for the most part happen following a time of two years (Salkind, 2002). Christian should go about as good examples, coaches and mentors with regards to showing youngsters on issues of sex before marriage (Kohl, 2012). In such manner, Christians should concentrate on open-finished conversations with young person that talks about the results of taking part in pre-marriage sex just as the significance of going without high schooler sex. This can be upheld from specific statements from the Bible that denies pre-marriage sex and thinks of it as a transgression. A model that can be utilized to instruct adolescents to stay away from pre-marriage sex is through arrangement of contextual analyses of individuals who occupied with pre-marriage sex and the difficulties they looked in the wake of performing pre-marriage sex. From an individual premise, the coordination of Bible stanzas where sex is denied for example the 10 edicts may likewise give basic in such educating. In any case, the significant inquiry that may emerge through utilizing Bible refrains is, Could it be a successful for adolescents raised in non-Christian

2015 Eisner Nominations Are Out!

2015 Eisner Nominations Are Out! The nominations for the 2015 Eisner Awards are out! The nominees: Best Short Story “Beginning’s End,” by Rina Ayuyang, muthamagazine.com “Corpse on the Imjin!” by Peter Kuper, in Masterful Marks: Cartoonists Who Changed the World (Simon Schuster) “Rule Number One,” by Lee Bermejo, in Batman Black and White #3 (DC) “The Sound of One Hand Clapping,” by Max Landis Jock, in Adventures of Superman #14 (DC) “When the Darkness Presses,” by Emily Carroll,  http://emcarroll.com/comics/darkness/ Best Single Issue (or One-Shot) Astro City #16: “Wish I May” by Kurt Busiek Brent Anderson (Vertigo/DC) Beasts of Burden: Hunters and Gatherers, by Evan Dorkin Jill Thompson (Dark Horse) Madman in Your Face 3D Special, by Mike Allred (Image) Marvel 75th Anniversary Celebration #1 (Marvel) The Multiversity: Pax Americana #1, by Grant Morrison Frank Quitely (DC) Best Continuing Series Astro City, by Kurt Busiek Brent Anderson (Vertigo) Bandette, by Paul Tobin Colleen Coover (Monkeybrain) Hawkeye, by Matt Fraction David Aja (Marvel) Saga, by Brian K. Vaughan Fiona Staples (Image) Southern Bastards, by Jason Aaron Jason Latour (Image) The Walking Dead, by Robert Kirkman, Charlie Adlard, Stefano Gaudiano (Image/Skybound) Best Limited Series Daredevil: Road Warrior, by Mark Waid Peter Krause (Marvel Infinite Comics) Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland, by Eric Shanower Garbriel Rodriguez (IDW) The Multiversity, by Grant Morrison et al. (DC) The Private Eye, by Brian K. Vaughan Marcos Martin (Panel Syndicate) The Sandman: Overture, by Neil Gaiman J. H. Williams III (Vertigo/DC) Best New Series The Fade Out, by Ed Brubaker Sean Phillips (Image) Lumberjanes, by Shannon Watters, Grace Ellis, Noelle Stevenson, Brooke A. Allen (BOOM! Box) Ms. Marvel, by G. Willow Wilson Adrian Alphona (Marvel) Rocket Raccoon, by Skottie Young (Marvel) The Wicked + The Divine, by Kieron Gillen Jamie McKelvie (Image) Best Publication for Early Readers (up to age 7) BirdCatDog, by Lee Nordling Meritxell Bosch (Lerner/Graphic Universe) A Cat Named Tim And Other Stories, by John Martz (Koyama Press) Hello Kitty, Hello 40: A Celebration in 40 Stories, edited by Traci N. Todd Elizabeth Kawasaki (VIZ) Mermin, Book 3: Deep Dives, by Joey Weiser (Oni) The Zoo Box, by Ariel Cohn Aron Nels Steinke (First Second) Best Publication for Kids (ages 8-12) Batman Li’l Gotham, vol. 2, by Derek Fridolfs Dustin Nguyen (DC) El Deafo, by Cece Bell (Amulet/Abrams) I Was the Cat, by Paul Tobin Benjamin Dewey (Oni) Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland, by Eric Shanower Gabriel Rodriguez (IDW) Tiny Titans: Return to the Treehouse, by Art Baltazar Franco (DC) Best Publication for Teens (ages 13-17) Doomboy, by Tony Sandoval (Magnetic Press) The Dumbest Idea Ever, by Jimmy Gownley (Graphix/Scholastic) Lumberjanes, by Shannon Watters, Grace Ellis, Noelle Stevenson, Brooke A. Allen (BOOM! Box) Meteor Men, by Jeff Parker Sandy Jarrell (Oni) The Shadow Hero, by Gene Luen Yang Sonny Liew (First Second) The Wrenchies, by Farel Dalrymple (First Second) Best Humor Publication The Complete Cul de Sac, by Richard Thompson (Andrews McMeel) Dog Butts and Love. And Stuff Like That. And Cats. by Jim Benton (NBM) Groo vs. Conan, by Sergio Aragonés, Mark Evanier, Tom Yeates (Dark Horse) Rocket Raccoon, by Skottie Young (Marvel) Superior Foes of Spider-Man, by Nick Spencer Steve Lieber (Marvel) Best Digital/Web Comic Bandette, by Paul Tobin Colleen Coover Failing Sky by Dax Tran-Caffee The Last Mechanical Monster, by Brian Fies Nimona, by Noelle Stephenson The Private Eye by Brian Vaughan Marcos Martin Best Anthology In the Dark: A Horror Anthology, edited by Rachel Deering (Tiny Behemoth Press/IDW) Little Nemo: Dream Another Dream, edited by Josh O’Neill, Andrew Carl, Chris Stevens (Locust Moon) Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men Who Make It, edited by Ann Ishii, Chip Kidd, Graham Kolbeins (Fantagraphics) Masterful Marks: Cartoonists Who Changed the World, edited by Monte Beauchamp (Simon Schuster) To End All Wars: The Graphic Anthology of The First World War, edited by Jonathan Clode John Stuart Clark (Soaring Penguin) Best Reality-Based Work Can’t We Talk About Something More Pleasant? by Roz Chast (Bloomsbury) Dragon’s Breath and Other True Stories, by MariNaomi (2d Cloud/Uncivilized Books) El Deafo, by Cece Bell (Amulet/Abrams) Hip Hop Family Tree, vol. 2, by Ed Piskor (Fantagraphics) Nathan Hale’s Hazardous Tales: Treaties, Trenches, Mud, and Blood, by Nathan Hale (Abrams) To End All Wars: The Graphic Anthology of The First World War, edited by Jonathan Clode John Stuart Clark (Soaring Penguin) Best Graphic Albumâ€"New The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil, by Stephen Collins (Picador) Here, by Richard McGuire (Pantheon) Kill My Mother, by Jules Feiffer (Liveright) The Motherless Oven, by Rob Davis (SelfMadeHero) Seconds, by Bryan Lee O’Malley (Ballantine Books) This One Summer, by Mariko Tamaki Jillian Tamaki (First Second) Best Graphic Albumâ€"Reprint Dave Dorman’s Wasted Lands Omnibus (Magnetic Press) How to Be Happy, by Eleanor Davis (Fantagraphics) Jim, by Jim Woodring (Fantagraphics) Sock Monkey Treasury, by Tony Millionaire (Fantagraphics) Through the Woods, by Emily Carroll (McElderry Books) Best Archival Collection/Projectâ€"Strips (at least 20 years old) Winsor McCay’s Complete Little Nemo, edited by Alexander Braun (TASCHEN) Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan: The Sunday Comics, 1933â€"1935, by Hal Foster, edited by Brendan Wright (Dark Horse) Moomin: The Deluxe Anniversary Edition, by Tove Jansson, edited by Tom Devlin (Drawn Quarterly) Pogo, vol. 3: Evidence to the Contrary, by Walt Kelly, edited by Carolyn Kelly Eric Reynolds (Fantagraphics) Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse, vols. 5-6, by Floyd Gottfredson, edited by David Gerstein Gary Groth (Fantagraphics) Best Archival Collection/Projectâ€"Comic Books (at least 20 Years Old) The Complete ZAP Comix Box Set, edited by Gary Groth, with Mike Catron (Fantagraphics) Steranko Nick Fury Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Artist’s Edition, edited by Scott Dunbier (IDW) Walt Disney’s Donald Duck: Trail of the Unicorn, by Carl Barks, edited by Gary Groth (Fantagraphics) Walt Disney’s Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Son of the Son, by Don Rosa, edited by David Gerstein (Fantagraphics) Walt Kelly’s Pogo: The Complete Dell Comics, vols. 1â€"2, edited by Daniel Herman (Hermes) Witzend, by Wallace Wood et al., edited by Gary Groth, with Mike Catron (Fantagraphics) Best U.S. Edition of International Material Beautiful Darkness, by Fabien Vehlmann Kerascoët (Drawn Quarterly) Blacksad: Amarillo, by Juan Díaz Canales Juanjo Guarnido (Dark Horse) Corto Maltese: Under the Sign of Capricorn, by Hugo Pratt (IDW/Euro Comics) Jaybird, by Lauri Jaakko Ahonen (Dark Horse/SAF) The Leaning Girl, by Benoît Peeters François Schuiten (Alaxis Press) Best U.S. Edition of International Materialâ€"Asia All You Need Is Kill, by Hiroshi Sakurazaka, Ryosuke Takeuchi, Takeshi Obata yoshitoshi ABe (VIZ) In Clothes Called Fat, by Moyoco Anno (Vertical) Master Keaton, vol 1, by Naoki Urasawa, Hokusei Katsushika, Takashi Nagasaki (VIZ) One-Punch Man, by One Yusuke Murata (VIZ) Showa 1939â€"1955 and Showa 1944â€"1953: A History of Japan, by Shigeru Mizuki (Drawn Quarterly) Wolf Children: Ame Yuki, by Mamoru Hosada Yu (Yen Press) Best Writer Jason Aaron, Original Sin, Thor, Men of Wrath (Marvel); Southern Bastards (Image) Kelly Sue DeConnick, Captain Marvel (Marvel); Pretty Deadly (Image) Grant Morrison, The Multiversity (DC); Annihilator (Legendary Comics) Brian K. Vaughan, Saga (Image); Private Eye (Panel Syndicate) G. Willow Wilson, Ms. Marvel (Marvel) Gene Luen Yang, Avatar: The Last Airbender (Dark Horse); The Shadow Hero (First Second) Best Writer/Artist Sergio Aragonés, Sergio Aragonés Funnies (Bongo); Groo vs. Conan (Dark Horse) Charles Burns, Sugar Skull (Pantheon) Stephen Collins, The Giant Beard That Was Evil (Picador) Richard McGuire, Here (Pantheon) Stan Sakai, Usagi Yojimbo: Senso, Usagi Yojimbo Color Special: The Artist (Dark Horse) Raina Telgemeier, Sisters (Graphix/Scholastic) Best Penciller/Inker Adrian Alphona, Ms. Marvel (Marvel) Mike Allred, Silver Surfer (Marvel); Madman in Your Face 3D Special (Image) Frank Quitely, Multiversity (DC) François Schuiten, The Leaning Girl (Alaxis Press) Fiona Staples, Saga (Image) Babs Tarr, Batgirl (DC) Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (interior art) Lauri Jaakko Ahonen, Jaybird (Dark Horse) Colleen Coover, Bandette (Monkeybrain) Mike Del Mundo, Elektra (Marvel) Juanjo Guarnido, Blacksad: Amarillo (Dark Horse) J. H. Williams III, The Sandman: Overture (Vertigo/DC) Best Cover Artist Darwyn Cooke, DC Comics Darwyn Cooke Month Variant Covers (DC) Mike Del Mundo, Elektra, X-Men: Legacy, A+X, Dexter, Dexter Down Under (Marvel) Francesco Francavilla, Afterlife with Archie (Archie); Grindhouse: Doors Open at Midnight (Dark Horse); The Twilight Zone, Django/Zorro (Dynamite); X-Files (IDW) Jamie McKelvie/Matthew Wilson, The Wicked + The Divine (Image); Ms. Marvel (Marvel) Phil Noto, Black Widow (Marvel) Alex Ross, Astro City (Vertigo/DC); Batman 66: The Lost Episode, Batman 66 Meets Green Hornet (DC/Dynamite) Best Coloring Laura Allred, Silver Surfer (Marvel); Madman in Your Face 3D Special (Image) Nelson Daniel, Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland, Judge Dredd, Wild Blue Yonder (IDW) Lovern Kindzierski, The Graveyard Book, vols. 1-2 (Harper) Matthew Petz, The Leg (Top Shelf) Dave Stewart, Hellboy in Hell, BPRD, Abe Sapien, Baltimore, Lobster Johnson, Witchfinder, Shaolin Cowboy, Aliens: Fire and Stone, DHP (Dark Horse) Matthew Wilson, Adventures of Superman (DC); The Wicked + The Divine (Image), Daredevil, Thor (Marvel) Best Lettering Joe Caramagna, Ms. Marvel, Daredevil (Marvel) Todd Klein, Fables, The Sandman: Overture, The Unwritten (Vertigo/DC); Nemo: The Roses of Berlin (Top Shelf) Max, Vapor (Fantagraphics) Jack Morelli, Afterlife with Archie, Archie, Betty and Veronica, etc. (Archie) Stan Sakai, Usagi Yojimbo: Senso, Usagi Yojimbo Color Special: The Artist (Dark Horse) Best Comics-Related Periodical/Journalism Alter Ego, edited by Roy Thomas (TwoMorrows) Comic Book Creator, edited by Jon B. Cooke (TwoMorrows) Comic Book Resources, edited by Jonah Weiland Comics Alliance, edited by Andy Khouri, Caleb Goellner, Andrew Wheeler, Joe Hughes tcj.com,  edited by Dan Nadel Timothy Hodler (Fantagraphics) Best Comics-Related Book Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas (4 vols.), edited by M. Keith Booker (ABC-CLIO) Creeping Death from Neptune: The Life and Comics of Basil Wolverton, by Greg Sadowski (Fantagraphics) Genius Animated: The Cartoon Art of Alex Toth, vol. 3, by Dean Mullaney Bruce Canwell (IDW/LOAC) What Fools These Mortals Be: The Story of Puck, by Michael Alexander Kahn Richard Samuel West (IDW/LOAC) 75 Years of Marvel Comics: From the Golden Age to the Silver Screen, by Roy Thomas Josh Baker (TASCHEN) Best Scholarly/Academic Work American Comics, Literary Theory, and Religion: The Superhero Afterlife, by A. David Lewis (Palgrave Macmillan) Considering Watchmen: Poetics, Property, Politics, by Andrew Hoberek (Rutgers University Press) Funnybooks: The Improbable Glories of the Best American Comic Books, by Michael Barrier (University of California Press) Graphic Details: Jewish Women’s Confessional Comics in Essays and Interviews, edited by Sarah Lightman (McFarland) The Origins of Comics: From William Hogarth to Winsor McCay, by Thierry Smolderen, tr. by Bart Beaty Nick Nguyen (University Press of Mississippi) Wide Awake in Slumberland: Fantasy, Mass Culture, and Modernism in the Art of Winsor McCay, by Katherine Roeder (University Press of Mississippi) Best Publication Design Batman: Kelley Jones Gallery Edition, designed by Josh Beatman/Brainchild Studios (Graphitti/DC) The Complete ZAP Comix Box Set, designed by Tony Ong (Fantagraphics) Little Nemo: Dream Another Dream, designed by Jim Rugg (Locust Moon) Street View, designed by Pascal Rabate (NBM/Comics Lit) Winsor McCay’s Complete Little Nemo, designed by Anna Tina Kessler (TASCHEN) Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. 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King Williams War in America

King James II came to the English throne in 1685. He was not only Catholic but also pro-French. Further, he believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Disagreeing with his beliefs and fearing the continuation of his line, leading British nobles called upon his son-in-law William of Orange to take the throne from James II. In November 1688, William led a successful invasion with approximately 14,000 troops. In 1689 he was crowned William III and his wife, who was James II daughter, was crowned Queen Mary. William and Mary ruled from 1688 until 1694. The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 in honor of their rule. Upon their invasion, King James II escaped to France. This episode in British history is called the Glorious Revolution. King Louis XIV of France, another strong proponent of Absolute Monarchies and the Divine Right of Kings, sided with King James II. When he invaded the Rhenish Palatinate, William III of England joined the League of Augsburg against France. This began the War of the League of Augsburg, also called the Nine Years War and the War of the Grand Alliance. Beginning of King Williams War in America In America, the British and the French were already having issues as frontier settlements fought for territorial claims and trading rights. When news of war reached America, fighting broke out in earnest in 1690. The war was referred to as King Williams War on the North American continent. At the time that the war started, Louis de Buade Count Frontenac was the Governor General of Canada. King Louis XIV ordered Frontenac to take New York in order to have access to the Hudson River. Quebec, the capital of New France, froze over in the winter, and this would allow them to continue to trade throughout the winter months. The Indians joined with the French in their attack. They began to attack New York settlements in 1690, burning down Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Fort Loyal. New York and the colonies of New England joined together after meeting in New York City in May 1690 to attack the French in return. They attacked in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The English were stopped in Acadia by the French and their Indian allies. Port Royal was taken in 1690 by Sir William Phips, the commander of the New England fleet. This was the capital of French Acadia and basically surrendered without much of a fight. Nevertheless, the English plundered the town. However, it was retaken by the French in 1691. Even after the war, this event was a factor in the deteriorating frontier relations between the English and the French colonists. Attack on Quebec Phips sailed to Quebec from Boston with around thirty ships. He sent word to Frontenac asking him to surrender the city. Frontenac responded in part: I will answer your general only by the mouths of my cannon, that he may learn that a man like me is not to be summoned after this fashion. With this response, Phips led his fleet in an attempt to take Quebec. His attack was made from land as a thousand men disembarked to set up cannons while Phips had four warships attack Quebec itself. Quebec was well defended both by its military strength and natural advantages. Further, smallpox was rampant, and the fleet ran out of ammunition. In the end, Phips was forced to retreat. Frontenac used this attack to shore up the fortifications around Quebec. After these failed attempts, the war continued for seven more years. However, most of the action seen in America was in the form of border raids and skirmishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick. The effects of this treaty on the colonies was to return things to the status quo before the war. The borders of the territories previously claimed by New France, New England, and New York were to stay as they were before hostilities began. However, confrontations continued to plague the frontier after the war. Open hostilities would begin again in a few years with the beginning of Queen Annes War in 1701. Sources:Francis Parkman, France, and England in North America, Vol. 2: Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV: A Half-Century of Conflict, Montcalm,  and Wolfe (New York, Library of America, 1983), p. 196.Place Royale, https://www.loa.org/books/111-france-and-england-in-north-america-volume-two

The Article Examines The Growing Trend Of Excessive Internet

The article examines the growing trend of excessive internet use among college students. The study was completed to help psychologists understand the specific causes for excessive internet use. The study also examined the correlation between excessive internet use, low self-esteem and psychological disorders. The study is important because it helps psychologists, health professionals, and readers understand who is vulnerable to excessive internet use and whether perilous disorders such as depression are a cause or effect of excessive internet use. The study can also help health professionals treat the underlying conditions that cause internet addiction as well as psychological disorders associated with excessive internet use. The†¦show more content†¦The independent variable was the amount of time spent online. The dependent variable was the effect the amount of time had on determining excessive internet use. The fourth hypothesis examined whether excessive internet users were more social online than in real life. The independent variables for the fourth hypothesis were the pathological internet users. The dependent variable was the pathological internet user’s ability to become more social while using the internet. The final hypothesis examined the role of low self-esteem in the participant becoming a pathological internet user. The independent variable was the individual identified as pathological internet user while the dependent variable was the effect low self-esteem has on the user’s pathological internet use. The study included a total of 371 participants. Participants included students from various universities in the UK although no ages were given for the students. The students were classified into separate categories according to their majors. Majors such as engineering, physics, and chemistry were called hard science majors. Majors such as psychology, social sciences and law were called soft science majors. English, media studies, and journalism were labeled as liberal arts majors. The study examined a larger percentage of females (56%) versus a smaller percentage of men (46%). The selectedShow MoreRelatedSociety And Its Social Media1216 Words   |  5 Pagesknow today. The economy is rapidly changing in the developing world. Now our days we see teens spending an excessive amount of time socializing through social medias such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and much more. The media has a direct influence on the formation of basic skills of human interaction, which some experts can argue that social medias are having a significant part in our growing society. 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Being A Black Male And Society It s Kind Of Hard For Me

Devonta Hatten April 14, 2017 Writing Assignment 2 World Literature Being a black male in society it’s kind of hard for me not to recognize certain issues pertaining to race. Usually when it’s an issue pertaining race 9 times out of ten it’s a black individual, rare cases it’s another race, particularly Mexican Americans. I’m not just making accusations as African American we have to be aware of these bias or we will get taken advantage of. White non-Latino Police in America are taking advantage of their positions to undermined black individuals who may or may not know there rights. That’s a major reason why I can’t afford to recognize the issues. A potential bias that I have may be that police are not all bad. A police job is to protect†¦show more content†¦As Humans, we carry unconscious and hidden biases from a lifetime of exposure to cultural attitudes about race, ethnicity, religion, social class, sexuality, and nationally. Being a Minority helps me become more equipped to intuitively und erstand or recognize issues associated with race. This is important because I know certain things to say and not to say. I am able to look at things from the inside out because race issues mostly deal with White non –Latino and blacks. Sometimes it’s hard for me to look at it from a White non- Latino perspective because they are blind to a situation that I am aware of. For example, If A White guy says something racist to an minority and acts as if he doesn’t know; It’s hard to understand how he did not know what he said was racist. Basically I’m bias to someone else being bias. To avoid blind spots I must take a step in someone else shoes to see their view point. This is a very difficult task to do for most but it’s the first step in minimizing effects of blind spots. If you can find out the reason why someone is doing something then maybe you can make the situation better. 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External Environment of BMW Organization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the External Environment of BMW Organization. Answer: Introduction A business organization comprises of a group of people or individuals who are targeted towards some common commercial goals. The business organizations operate in an external environment; therefore, the external environmental factors impact on the operations of the business organizations. However, these external factors cannot be controlled by the business organizations. They need to adapt themselves according to the external environment. In addition to it, when beginning a new business venture in a different location, the organization needs to identify the external factors and their impact on the business operations. If the external factors do not align with the goals or the vision of the organization, the business venture can remain unfruitful (Thompson Martin, 2010). Therefore, the business organizations employ a large number of techniques to evaluate and analyse the external environment of a business organization. The most common tool for the external environment analysis is PES TEL analysis. The PESTEL analysis is the acronym for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and the legal factors. All these factors together, impacts on the business operations and the profitability of the organization. The external environment analysis is important for the business organization as it helps them in analysing that the business venture will be successful or not. It also increases the knowledge regarding the current market structure and changes. Therefore, this tool can be used by the business organizations in adapting themselves according to the changes in the market (Cole, 2003). External environment analysis is a strategic tool which assists the organization in forming strategies to curb the market competition. In this regard, the current report will examine the external environment of a BMW in Europe. The company is the manufacturer of luxury cars and sell cars all across the globe. BMW is a German car manufacturing company which is also les popularly known as Bayerische Motoren WErke AG. It is a Germany-based company which sells luxury vehicles all across the globe. The company was founded in 1916 and has headquarters in Munich, Bavaria. The organization is considered as the best-selling luxury automakers in the world. A PESTLE analysis of the company has been conducted to examine the market structure and the impact of the external factors on the environment. Company Overview Originally named as Bayerische Motoren WErke AG, the company is popularly known as BMW all across the globe. It is one of the most popular luxury vehicle, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company. It is one of the most popular automakers in the world. The headquarters of the company are located in Munich, Bavaria. It also manufactures Rolls-Royce Motor Cars and plug-in electric cars. The company is conducts responsible business and is the member of US Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Achievement Track which states that the companies should be recognised according to their environmental performance and stewardship. It is considered as one of the sustainable automotive company and it the part of several environmental programs (Frynas, Mellahi, 2015). It has production units all across the globe and makes efforts to product the most sustainable and environmentally friendly cars. In order to attract the customers in different locations, the company has devel oped exhaustive marketing plan. The audio and the roundel logo of the company are quite popular among the car enthusiasts. The company advertise its vehicles as the ultimate driving machine. It also promotes the car as approachable, attractive and having better appeal to women. The company is pioneer in environmental sustainability initiatives. The electric plug in car is an innovative model of the organization. The cars can be charges prior to their use and has the potential to give competition to the pubic vehicle. It has also developed electric batteries with double capacity and has also started deploying electric trucks in the European countries. It has become the first company to enthusiastically encourage electric vehicles on the roads. PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis is the macro analysis framework which examines the external factors of a business organization. It is an environmental scanning component of the strategic management. PESTEL analysis gives a strategic analysis or conducts market research regarding different macro-environmental factors related which may impact on the organization. There are four basic components of PEST analysis. The political factors refer to the impact of government on the economy. The political factors refer to tax policy, labour law, environmental law and the trade restrictions. The political stability also impacts on the business of the organization. If there are frequent changes in the political structure of a country, then the operations of the organization may halt due to changes in the legislations. Other than that, there are several economic factors which may impact on the business of the organization. The economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflat ion rates. The economic factors of a country may impact on how business organizations operate in the organization. The interest rates affects a firms capital requirements and on the growth and the business of the organization (Henry, 2011). The exchange rate of the currency also impacts on the growth and the business of the organization. In addition to it, there are several social factors which may impact on the business operations. The cultural factors include the health awareness, population growth, age distribution and the attitudes towards the professional life. The technological factors involves the technical aspects such as the integration of technology in the infrastructure of the firms. It encompasses aspects such as population growth rate, age distribution and safety awareness of the people. Recently, two other factors are also added in the PEST analysis, namely, legal factors and the environmental factors. The legal factors refer to different laws such as the employment laws, health and safety laws and the antitrust laws. These laws impact on the operations, productivity and the eventual profitability of the organization. In the recent years, there is increased concern for the environmental impact of the busin ess organizations. The environmental impacts include the changes in weather or climate which is influenced by the operations of the organization. The environment has a strong impact on the tourism, farming and the insurance industry. The climatic change impacts on the operations of the company and the product offering (Jeffs, 2008). BMW has production and the distribution units all across the globe. The sales and the marketing activities of the organization are impacted by the external environmental factors. In this regard, the external environment of BMW in Europe has been evaluated in the present section. Political Factors: There is a possible range of the political factors which impact on the business operations of BMW in several ways. The government of different countries have regulated the car manufacturing business as they are the major source of pollution. The government enforces new laws related to CO2 emission and the recycling of the vehicles. The political stability and the outlook of the government also impacts on the business of the organization. The taxation structure and the export-import duties in the organization impact on the business. In the recent years, the government has produced new legislations to encourage the production high mileage cars which may also impact on the business of the automobile industry. Economic Factors There are a wide range of the economic factors which may impact on the car manufacturing organizations. The performance and the profitability of the car manufacturing company are influenced by the GDP fluctuations and the economic growth rate of the country. The inflation rate is another important factor which influence of sales and the business of the organization (Cadle, Paul Turner, 2010). The company has to increase the price of its products according to the inflation rate. The inflation rate of the countries also impacts on sales rate of the products. However, the reduction in the Euro exchange rate will impact on the business of the organization. However, with the increased demands in the developing countries, the business of the company is growing drastically (Thompson Martin, 2010). Moreover, GDP fluctuations in the European Union countries can impact on the performance on the consumer spending in these countries. Therefore, it will drastically impact on the profit in these countries. Social Factors: The culture in which the countries operate can impact on the business operations of the company. There are several differences between the cultures of different countries as each individual country has different values, attitudes and beliefs. The culture of the geographical location affects the preference and the choice of the consumers. The culture of the country also impacts on the attitude towards working, education, training and ethics of the people (Thompson Martin, 2010). Therefore, while setting up operation in a foreign country, the company has to examine the attitude of the foreign workers for forecasting the productivity of the employees. There are a number of social factors such as culture, lifestyle and the changes in the demographics which may impact on the business of the organization. The social factors and the environment impact on the buying choice and the preference of the customers. The changes in the social pattern impact on the customer choice. The brand image of the organization associates develops the status symbol of the car. Moreover, currently a large number of customers are aware regarding the environmental impact of their business activities and try to control their activities so that there is minimal impact on the environment. They are attracted towards the sustainable organizations and environmentally-friendly products (Freeman, 2010). Technological Factors: Technology is a significant factor which may impact on the business of operations. The companies use technology to gain a competitive advantage over other companies. In addition, the companies use new and sophisticated technology to increase the profit margins. There are also certain technological modifications or changes which can be implemented to prevent environmental pollution (Analoui Karami, 2003). In the recent years, there is increased customer awareness regarding the global warming, greenhouse effect and create burnout among the employees. As a result, the preference of the customers is shifting towards eco-friendly cars, hybrid cars and fuel cell cars (Varbanova, 2013). Most of the countries all across the globe are also forming legislations curb pollution level. The customers are also inclining towards the use of more eco-friendly cars, hybrid cars and fuel cars. Environmental Factors With the increased awareness regarding the environmental impact of the automobile industry and the phenomenon of global warming, the government has made several legislations to control the negative impact on the environment. These laws control the production level, emissions from the manufacturing plants and health and safety of the employees. Legal Factors The automobile industry is regulated by several laws. Firstly, the government has imposed several legislations related to the environmental pollution. The companies are also encouraged to engage in innovative techniques which can address the issue of environmental impact. In addition to it, the company also faces the laws related to the taxation structure and excise duties (Mannix Wheeler, 2017). The government has also imposed several laws related to the engine manufacturing so that there is minimal level of environmental pollution. Conclusion It can be concluded that PESTEL analysis is a strategic framework for the analysis of the macro environment of an organization. A business organization operates in external environment and needs to acclimatize to the changes in the external factors. The macro environment has a significant impact on the operations and the profitability of the organization. The PESTEL analysis is the most common tool for the analysis of the external environment. BMW is a part of the automobile industry and; therefore, it will be influenced by several external factors. These factors may impact on the business of the organizations. BMW is the leading luxury car manufacturer headquartered in Germany. The company is one of the leading in the automobile industry. There are several political factors such as political stability, government legislations and environmental laws which may impact on the business of the organizations. In addition, the economy of country, growth rate and the GDP of a country also influences on the purchasing power of the people. The social factors refer to the cultural factors which may impact on the preference of the customers. It refers to the demographic characteristics, lifestyle and the health preference of the consumers. References Analoui, F., Karami, A. (2003). Strategic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. Cengage Learning EMEA. Cadle, J., Paul, D., Turner, P. (2010). Business Analysis Techniques: 72 Essential Tools for Success. BCS, The Chartered Institute. Cole, G.A. (2003). Strategic Management. Cengage Learning EMEA. Cole, G.A. (2003). Strategic Management. Cengage Learning EMEA. Drive Arabia. (2017). BMW Saudi Arabia prices reviews. [Online]. Available at: https://www.drivearabia.com/carprices/ksa/bmw/ [Accessed on: 27 July 2017]. Freeman, R.E. (2010). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge University Press. Frynas, J.G., Mellahi, K. (2015). Global Strategic Management. Oxford University Press. Frynas, J.G., Mellahi, K. (2015). Global Strategic Management. Oxford University Press. Henry, A. (2011). Understanding Strategic Management. OUP Oxford. Hitt, M., Ireland, D., Hoskisson, R. (2006). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning. Jeffs, C. (2008). Strategic Management. SAGE. Mannix, K., Wheeler, A. (2017). The history of BMW. Telegraph. . [Online]. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/bmw/history-bmw/ [Accessed on: 27 July 2017]. Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic Management. Kogan Page Publishers. Thompson, J.L., Martin, F. (2010). Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Thompson, J.L., Martin, F. (2010). Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Thompson, J.L., Martin, F. (2010). Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Varbanova, L. (2013). Strategic Management in the Arts. Routledge.

Laws governing joint ventures and competition

Inequality in the Workplace essays

Inequality in the Workplace essays Is it fair that men make more money than women do, even though they both have the same qualifications? Is it fair that women are less likely than men to get promoted are? Is it fair that women start at lower positions in the work place than men do? Discrimination in the work place is hindering gender relations in todays modern society. Women are getting fed up with always being treated unfairly by the employers. They feel that employers should base their decision on who can do the better job, not who is the male and who is the female. Hiring, promotion, and salaries are the three main factors that separate the men from the women in the work place. In hiring, men are much more likely to get a job than women are. Although in the last 10 to 15 years, women have gradually closed the gaps. In 1974, 14 to 25% of women earned bachelor degrees in computer and mathematical science. While in 1989, the women that earned the same degrees were 33 to 37% of the graduates. (Frenkel, 1990) Now, because the percentage of bachelor degrees has increased during that period, you would think that the hiring increase would be the same. Well, the hiring of women has only increased about 5%. So, are employers really looking for who gets hired with what degree or is it irrelevant? I feel that for the most part, employers do look at the accomplishments of a future employee, regardless of gender. In the past, that might have been different, but today, an employer would hire a more highly skilled women worker, than an average male worker. I think employers have a sort of obligation to hire the women. The companies sometimes feel that if they dont hire enough women, a discrimination suit could arise and that would hurt not only the company financially, but their reputation as well. In almost every industry, women occupy a very small proportion of the higher-level positions. For example, a 1988 study found that only three CEOs among...

Fine art in the age of mass media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fine art in the age of mass media - Essay Example Instead of using the necessary creativity and innovation which is often attributed to beginning artists, the work of Hirst has begun to work with the celebrity status expectations that are a part of the artwork. Biography of Hirst Hirst was born in 1965 in Bristol, England where he began to study art. His first exhibition was in 1988 while studying at Goldsmith College. The student exhibition, known as Freeze, led to immediate recognition and still remains in an exhibition in London. The concept was associated with contemporary artists forming a group to show the main ideologies of what it meant to be a part of the modernist styles of visual arts. His first solo exhibition was held in 1990 and 1991 at Woodstock Street Gallery, called In and Out of Love. This led to different groundbreaking feature showings, such as the 1992 Young British Artists exhibition at Saatchi Gallery. This exhibition led Hirst into fame with gaining the Tate Gallery Turner Prize as well as the coveted award i n 1995. The recognition has now allowed Hirst to move into international recognition with showings in Soho New York as well as in locations such as Hong Kong, Rome, Athens, Geneva, Paris and Los Angeles. He is known for spot and spin paintings as well as medicine cabinet sculptures and glass tank installations (Hirst, 2011). The instant recognition of Hirst and the movement into specific types of paintings has also led into areas of fame which continue to push Hirst forward with his known works. He has been featured not only in a variety of galleries but is also continuously being noted in the press for his innovations and new works. Some leading areas of recognition include his interview with Charlie Rose, features in the New York Times and recognition by established artists in various network communities. The recognition is also continuing to extend with the press releases and different statements being based on Hirst being one of the most recognized contemporary artists, specific ally because of the conceptualism and the developments which are associated with his different pieces of art. The concepts which are often affirmed to Hirst are his innovation, unique approaches and the realism that is in the artwork created. Each of these are continuing to gather him press and recognition among contemporaries that are based in different locations globally (Jones, 2011). Today, Hirst is one of the most recognized and controversial artists of Britain. The question being raised is not only based on the fame and recognition that continues to steer the career of the artist and the works which he continues to create. The techniques, implication of craft and the development of works by Hirst are also raising questions about where art begins and ends. Many contemporary critics are stating that the works of Hirst are only for popularity and recognition in the name while lacking the intricate qualities of modern art and developments which are required. This is combined with the questions of whether it is art or only for popularity, specifically because of the continuous similarities in themes and the lack of innovation which most believe is a part of the work. Hirst is continuing to be controversial because of republishing the

Hostory and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hostory and Political Science - Essay Example Consequently, existing governing system in the United States failed to overcome the abovementioned social ills. In this juncture, number of social movements and institutions had emerged in the United States during 1900s and they concentrated variety of social issues like discrimination, establishment of public education, oppression of women and their economic freedom, human rights and corruption. Social movements like the progressive movement, Alabama Women and the Progressive Movement, Evangelicalism and the labor movements of 19th century had addressed a lot of social ills that affected the American society. All these efforts had directly and indirectly connected with the issues related with women’s rights. Social reformers and activists of various movements like progressive movement, Alabama Women and the Progressive Movement, Evangelicalism and the labor movements of 19th century had addressed many social evils including issues related with women’s rights. The progr essive movement and its related reforms had marked considerable changes or augmentation in social, political and cultural scenario of 19th century America. The new movement had provided rebirth to the community through economic and industrial developments. Problems of labors, prisoners and grants became a fundamental issue among the public ant it prevented social developments. Social reformers had made their initial efforts to change the working conditions of middleclass and laborers. Progressive movements focused to work out problems in work fields such as working hours, safety, wages, and job security, abuses of capitalists and low wages and inequality among the women workers. Robert La Follette, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had spent their time and effort in managing different social ills and considered as the leaders of progressive movements. As a part of labor reforms government had introduced some welfare programs for workers. Faith Jaycox explains that â€Å"In 1908 at Roosevelt’s urging, Congress established a very modest workmen’s compensation program for a few federal employees† (Jaycox, 2005, p.338). In addition, The National Civic Federation (NFC), an organization of civic representatives and labor had established welfare programs and new compensation packages for workers. Labor reforms from working class people had managed various problems related with laborers. Reformers like Henry George, Eugene Debs, and Samuel Gompers continuously met workers and understood their problems. Similarly these reform movements addressed issues related with common people like prostitution, substance abuse, and alcoholism and immigrant problems. The issue of public education had affected the social and political life of American people during the period of 1800s and no public education system existed in The United States. Discrimination in education and employment existed as a significant problem in society and the reformers had announce d equality in public education was their major goal. In due course, reformers had declared that the uneducated citizenry would not be able to engage in American democracy. Bruce S. Jansson examines that â€Å"In short, much like founders of other institutions in this period, they defined education as a moral enterprise that teach moral rules and so allow

The Analysis Of Leadership Theories Management Essay

The Analysis Of Leadership Theories Management Essay This journal is related to the analysis of Leadership Theories. In this paper, there are four theories that will be discusses, there are the leader-member exchange theory (LMX), path-goal theory, transactional-transformational theory, and the full-range leadership theory (FRLT). Before we started to discuss the analysis of Leadership Theories, the writer felt that is often difficult to separate leadership theories and models. He also informed that the reason of this study of theory and model will be used interchangeable except there is a very clear difference between them. Firstly, the journal is discussed about the leader-member exchange theory. Leader-Member Exchange Theory, also called LMX or Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory, describes how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members. A leaders approach is addressed by the theories to the business environment and the followers perception of a leaders performance. The direct relationship between a leader and a follower and theoretical context for their interactions is the dyadic relationship. So that, there are 3 quality of the leader-follower interaction were determined by the LMX such as locus of control, need for power, and self esteem. A size of how a person know his control over his life and environment is locus of control. A person feels a sense of control over his life and activities is called has a high internal locus of control. These type of person also are positive correlate with job satisfaction. The need of power is that employees who understand that need by asking for feedback on performance, compete more visibility jobs and leadership opportunities at their work and career. Another is the self esteem, employees have a sense of their value to the company which typically manifests as more job satisfaction and more emotional resilience. Besides that, the path-goal theory of leadership was developed to describe the way that leaders encourage and support their followers in achieving the goals they have been set by making the path that they should take clear and easy. Path-goal theory describe a leaders activity in leading followers within the context of the organizations environment in a highly structured environment followers do not need a good deal of guidance to perform their works. Unless in an unstructured environment they may need more. Another is the core of the transactional-transformational theory revolves around the alignment of personal and organizational goals, which the theory states benefits both the leader and the follower. The transactional-transformational theory is composed of four transformational components, the four Is such as idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation and three transactional components such as contingent reward, passive management by exception and active management by exception. Lastly is the full range leadership theory (FRLT). An extension of transformational leadership theory to nine dimensions of leader behavior is called FRLT. The emotional part of leadership is isolated by idealized influence and is a view of the followers emotional engagement with the leader. According to the writer, the full range leadership theory is also closely associated with the multifactor leadership questionnaire. From this journal, the measure of the success of a theory is based on a number of reasons, that is all the theories are considered in a business environment where success is linked to measurable business criteria. Success has many meaning, but at here will mean that there is a good fit between the leaders behavior and the theory. The writer specially remember this does not necessarily mean that a theories success implies a leaders success because some of the measures will be negatively related to leader performance. Each of the theories under consideration has explained modes of leader behavior, considered both the leaders effect on followers and the interaction between leader and follower. An leader-member exchange scale assesses the degree to which leaders and followers have mutual respect for one anothers capabilities, feel a deepening sense of mutual trust and have a strong sense of obligation to one another. Another way to analysis is the dimensions of measurement for LMX are focused on the follower and his/her job satisfaction and feeling of control. Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. A transformational leader focuses on transforming others to help each other, to look out for each other, to be encouraging and harmonious, and to look out for the organization as a whole. With this leadership, the leader enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his followers through a variety of mechanisms. These include connecting the followers sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align followers with tasks that optimizes their performance. An example, Sagie and Koslowski (1994) state that employees involved in tactical decision making, participation i n decision making, feel more empowered and involve in the company in future pay and assignment. A person who is practicing active management by expection is called a transactional leader who can use a path-goal and leader-member exchange. The factor for this is the outcome, the transactional leader sees as the total output of the exchange and the transformational leader sees as a stage in the growth of the follower. An action to motive follower, the transactional leader appeals to both the followers intellect and emotions. He will use the best approach at his disposal to move followers forward in achieving his vision. In addition, a leader a full toolkit of capabilities to control his relationship with subordinates is given by the full-range leadership theory. According to this journal, the full range leadership theory can explain most leadership activity simply and leadership-member exchange theory directly addresses the varying relationship between leaders and their subordinates in a context. But since this happens at a higher level, leadership-member exchange does not address the dissemination of vision. Besides, the ability of a leader to direct the activities of subordinates had been addressed by the path-goal theory. Bases on these, the writer feel that transactional-transformational theory is more complete than the prior two theories. The reason of his feeling is it includes their activities, by implication, and expands on the basis for leader actions. Otherwise, this leader also retains the ability to function in a transactional mode in more stable situations. The superior to transactional-transformational theory is full range leadership theory which is an attempt to complete them with the addition of components. Humphreys (2001) found that transformational leaders were more likely to grasp the implication of technology adoption than transactional leaders. Leaders can grow in many ways like educational environments, extending their knowledge of leadership and the world around them. A leader can temper his decisions with wisdom although some would contend that philosophy is useless. Leadership theories are  a relatively recent phenomena that have been advanced by the sudden interest in historical leaders and the desire to identify the characteristics and behaviors that these leaders exhibited.   By understanding the characteristics of the leader, their successes and failures, as well as the political and work environment they faced, the modern day worker can hope to replicate this success. All lie in a multi-dimensional continuum were considered by the leadership theories that considers the emotional, intellectual, physical, and value structure of leaders and followers. Charismatic leadership is leadership based on the leaders ability to communicate and behave in ways that reach followers on a basic, emotional way, to inspire and motivate. Its difficult to identify the characteristics that make a leader charismatic, but they certainly include the ability to communicate on a very powerful emotional level, and probably include some personality traits. Developing charisma is difficult, if not impossible for many people, but luckily charismatic leadership is not essential to be an effective leader. Many other characteristics are involved in leading effectively, and there is significant evidence to indicate that it simply is not necessary to have this elusive charisma to lead others well. Finally, the writers conclusion is between these four theories it appears that none of them are counterproductive. He felt that a leader can pursue them in a balanced manner and expect reasonable results. So the full range leadership theory is the most complete of the theories. The reason is it includes too more activities.

The marketing of the Bridge Cafe Buffets is aimed towards all age groups. :: Business and Management Studies

The marketing of the Bridge Cafe Buffets is aimed towards all age groups. As the Bridge is part of the church buffets are offered for weddings INTRODUCTION This report was commissioned by Mrs A Bernard to show my understanding of the tools, techniques and ideas presented in the marketing module. The report will cover marketing orientation, practice approach, impact and buyer behaviour. Development of marketing segments and the marketing mix. To display my understanding I have used the Bridge Cafà ©, which has been trading for eighteen months and is expanding its services. It is part of the Christ Church community outreach program and is designed to offer good food at a very reasonable price. The marketing of the Bridge Cafe Buffets is aimed towards all age groups. As the Bridge is part of the church buffets are offered for weddings, birthdays, christenings, blessings and funerals as well as family functions and also as part of the conference facilities. With such a wide age range of customers the marketing has to appeal to a huge range of people from a variation of backgrounds. The service the Bridge offers can be tailor made to fit to the client’s needs and taste as well as a pre defined menu of various prices. With the ability to meet with clients for a more personal touch or by telephone, fax or e-mail for a faster more efficient service we can stay ahead in research and the development as trends change and different age groups have different tastes. We know our customers as we all eat and have an understanding of different diets and customs relating to religion. The clients that have already used the Bridge Buffets Service have found it easier to approach them to arrange a tailor designed menu for their guests as the staff are very approachable and are willing to spend time talking to the clients and their needs and desires. With this type of relationship with the client it is hoped that they will use the service again. The buffet service prides itself on producing home made and home baked products fresh to the client, which is catered to all sized buffets. Buffets can be organised at short notice (twenty four hours) and still uphold the same home made traditions. The marketing in practice fits in with the definition â€Å"Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably† (The Chartered Institute of Marketing) as the client is in contact with a senior member of the team who knows and understand both the client needs and the practical aspect of the catering team.

Busienss Coach

Advance course on Logotherapy Logotask 1 (as specified in tutorial letter 103/2012) Name: Wessels, Nicolaas Johannes Student no: 7294-232-0 Course code: LOGO 01-8 Academic Qualifications: B Comm (Marketing) UP; B Comm (Marketing) (Hons) Unisa; MBL Unisa Occupation: Business Leadership Coach Postal address: PO Box 786411, Sandton, 2146 Tel: 011 783 4155 (H); 011 253 9919 (O); 082 554 4614 (M) e-mail: [email  protected] co. za â€Å"As much as it was a point of utter determination, it was also a point of surrender†. By reading Teria’s story one could also say that â€Å"it was a moment of truth†.She seemed to have reached new levels of self awareness and consciousness about what her life was like up to that point and what could be from there on. What we see here is a defining moment, a moment of truth and a moment of decisiveness. To take action and turn the focus on what is and what could be, not on what was. By all accounts she has reached a level of self aware ness to such an extent that she could transcend herself and connect to her spiritual dimension where a discovery was made of life changing proportions.We have here a very good example of how tension had played a role in directing someone towards her values and what is important to her. By transcending herself, Teria not only moved away from a needs driven focus on the past, she moved to a values directed focus on the future and all the possibilities it holds. â€Å"I was somehow missing to fully live my present life with an eye on the future that was â€Å"waiting† to be reached out to. My life seemed to lack vision – a dream to realize or ideals to be inspired by† (Shantall 2002: 13). The tension which brought on this state of realization is a health one.Without this meaning will not be found. â€Å"A sound amount of tension, such as that tension which is aroused by a meaning to fulfill, is inherent in being human and is indispensible for mental well-beingâ₠¬  (Frankl 1998: 48). By recognizing her own power to self transcend, Teria reached the â€Å"highest stage in human development† (Lucas 1998:34). In this turning point, three catalysts are particularly interesting. Firstly the death of her father presented not only the shock of losing a loved one, it also served as a stark reminder of the transitoriness of life. And how wasteful lost opportunities are.Sometimes this awareness of how life’s opportunities are passing us by comes easier with older people who have experienced the full granaries of life. With others the urgency to live life fully may need to be awakened by techniques such as the Socratic dialogue. Teria was aching for something different and experiencing the effects of an awakened consciousness prompting her towards action. As Frankl puts it â€Å"Thus, the transitoriness of our existence in no way makes it meaningless. But it does constitute our responsibleness; for everything hinges upon our realizing the essentially transitory possibilities†. Frankl 2004:124). Teria wanted more from life, more vision, more meaning and more significance. This moment in her life, this point of surrender suggests an awareness that now is the time to make a decision. And the application of transitoriness as a Logotherapeutic tool is testimony to Frankl’s observation â€Å"Logotherapy, keeping in mind the essential transitoriness of human existence, is not pessimistic but rather optimistic† (Frankl 2004:124). The second catalyst was the diary her father left her. It served as a powerful metaphor and last challenge from him to live life powerfully with authenticity. I felt that he expected me to fill up the yet empty pages of that diary with the events of my life that I would now undertake to life fully and with care† (Shantall 2002:14). Her will to meaning was triggered and she was challenged to be creative with her life and treat it with a responsibility becoming of her. Wi th this diary her father created a healthy tension between Teria and life, asking her to take up a commission to run her race. She was reminded of her own freedom of will by the blank pages staring at her.Freedom of will is one of the three fundamental tenet on which Logotherapy is built â€Å"Logotherapy’s concept of man is based on three pillars, the freedom of will, the will to menaing and the meaning of life†. (Frankl 1988:16). The diary played the role of visible canvass against which she could transcend and surrender the old and connect to a point beyond herself. The third catalyst was the physical distance between her and the rest of the family. By being far away, alone and not able to pay last respects, Teria was forced to deal with this traumatic incident herself and find her own defiant power to awaken her will to meaning.With no distraction or consolation she had to dig for courage to process the full implications of this experience. With this third catalyst she was put alone before life as if to be asked two questions: what are you going to give life and what is life asking from you? â€Å"This experience of a breakthrough of meaning in my own suffering, with the added feeling of greater sense of responsibility as I came to see my life as a gift which I could either use or abuse† (Shantall 2002:15).The morning after the death of her father, Teria experienced heightened levels of appreciation for what was important to her, what was possible and what was meaningful to her at that stage. The two dominant emotions presented to us in her quote: determination and surrender are also of interest. Determined to find some defined destination worth living for, she connected to her defiant power to overcome and knew that nothing else but a strong, clear, meaningful life would do. And by surrendering the old and the meaningless, she made way for new meaning to be discovered.Clearing the past and transcending onto a new level of possibilitie s. These two emotions or channels of energy go hand in hand like the critical chemicals without which the desired reaction would not be possible. Without determination, surrender could have been left alone to sulk and doubt. Without surrender, determination could have been a relentless energy with no direction, possible of destruction. Giving up on her self-centered way of living, she may also have given up on a hyper reflective ways of thinking. My own psychodynamics, which I have explored during my years of psychoanalysis began to fade in importance or, most surprisingly began to take on a refreshingly new and deeper meaning† (Shantall 2002: 14). With a state of hyper-reflection and hyper-intention, fulfillment and happiness will elude. She may also have been surrendering to faith that happiness and fulfillment will ensue â€Å"Attaining a goal constitute a reason to be happy. In other words, if there is a reason for happiness, happiness ensues, automatically and spontaneou sly, as it were.And that is why one need not pursue happiness, one need not care for it once there is a reason for it. But, even more, one cannot pursue it† (Frankl 1998:34). Aching for something more, something worthwhile, she transformed and became inspired to be present, take up the challenge and recognize her scope of free choice. I would contest that her life up to this point has not been wasted. True to the duality which life presents so frequently to us, her new sense of highs would not have been reached had it been for her perceived sense of lows.The discovery of a new powerful meaningful life is like the discovery of a secret garden in a fairy tale. Often it is protected by an angry dragon and we are tested by life on how badly do we want to be more, and live significantly. This experience in Teria’s life was clearly a turning point away from the meaningless, a new beginning of something profoundly powerful and a courageous change in direction. What is meaning all about? â€Å"Existence is not only intentional but also transcendent. Self transcendence is the essence of existence† (Frankl 1998:50).And what is there to live for if living is un-intentional and just for one self alone? In order to get a grasp on meaning, one could look at the various facets and characteristics it constitutes, yet even after having done so, it may still elude full comprehension. Meaning first and foremost has to be experienced. And it is something to be experienced personally. It is not something which could be passed on, taught or transferred. It may be illuminated or hinted at but is uniquely personal in its experiencing. â€Å"Meaning is relative in that it is related to a specific person who is entangled is a specific situation.One could say that meaning differs from man to man and from second from day to day, indeed from hour to hour† (Frankl 1998:54). On the question â€Å"what is meant by meaning? †, Frankl comments that â€Å"it i s absolutely down to earth inasmuch as it refers to that which a concrete situation means to a concrete person† (Frankl 1998:140). Whereas meaning may be hard to define conceptually, it is simple and clearly visible in its experiences. We will recognize meaning when we find it! And paradoxically â€Å"the more comprehensive the meaning, the less comprehensible it is†. (Frankl 2000:136).Semantically, meaning is both verb and noun. It is alive and reveals itself though action and activity. And it is discovered like a treasure hidden waiting for the right time and the right person to appear. Although we cannot observe it in itself like a concrete object, we can observe the powers it has on a subject. And it can appear at any time in any situation. â€Å"The perception of meaning as I see it, could be defined suddenly becoming aware of a possibility against a background of reality† (Frankl 1998: 140). Our inherent desire to find meaning is the most powerful energy we posses.In Nietzsche’s words, â€Å"He who has a Why to live for can bear almost any How† (Frankl 2004:7). Without a reason to live for or to move towards, life will be empty and fragile. Meaning gives us the power to move forward and this will to meaning is one of the three pillars on which Logotherapy is built (Frankl 1988:16). Our will to meaning is expressed in a space of freedom to pursue whatever is meaningful to the individual. We are not free from, but free to do what is meaningful. â€Å"Man’s freedom is no freedom from conditions but rather a freedom to take a stand on whatever conditions might confront him† (Frankl 1998:16).We are constantly challenged by life to make it meaningful and called on our courage to do so. This strongly suggests there is a responsibility attached to meaning. A responsibility to live authentically and courageously – to do the right thing. This is emphasized by an Logotherapeatic imperative: â€Å"live as if yo u were living already for the second time and as if you had acted the first time as you are about to act now† (Frankl 2004:114). Our lives are not something beyond our control – whereas we cannot control what happens to us, we can certainly control how we behave or respond.And it is here where our biggest responsibility presents itself. To act the right way, befitting of how we could be potentially. Living in a dimension of meaning means to live responsibly according to our governing values and conscious awareness. By connecting to our consciousness we will identify for ourselves what the right action is and there is ever only one right action. And conscience is essentially intuitive (Frankl 2000:40) and the only means for grasping the meaning of any moment. To quote Graber: â€Å"The human experience calls for an ability to make independent decisions at each moment in life.To live responsibly calls for listening to the thousands of commandments arising from the thousa nds of unique situations of which life consists. It is the intuitive conscience that guides us in the moment by moment experiences of life. It gives voice to the available resources of the spirit within† (Graber 2004:79). Consciousness and creativity are the most important facilitators to find meaning. It is in our noetic realm where we connect to our consciousness and a deeper desire to do the right thing. Paradoxically, by experiencing meaning we connect to our spiritual consciousness.In terms of Frankl’s dimensional ontology, our noetic dimension is what makes us human. And it is in this dimension where we have the faculty to identify meaning. â€Å"Freedom of choice, intentionality, creative and artistic interest, religious encounters, ethical sensitivity, conscience, understanding of values and love, the capacity to be awed by experiences, intuition and inspiration and the search for meaning are at home† (Graber: 2004:71). This is not to suggest that meaning is found inside ourselves. Our conscious is where meaning is interpreted.Meaning is found outside ourselves by connecting to something greater or beyond. By this statement I am not suggesting it is very far away. It may be very close indeed, but beyond and outside nevertheless, discovered by self-transcendence as Frankl calls it (Frankl 2000:138). And it resides in the future like a magnet to which we are drawn, pulling us out of our self absorbed existence and connecting us to life. With no real meaning there is no real connection to life. Experiencing meaning presents itself as a paradox.According to Frankl: â€Å"The more meaning is experienced as a reality of our lives, the more exercised and refined is our faith in the reality of its existence and the broader is our experience and awareness of the deeper meanings of life†. We only know it when we know it! Meaning is found by having uniquely personal encounters with life. It could be by way of what we do creatively or gi ve to the world; by what we get as an experience or take from life; or thirdly by the attitude we adopt towards what is presented to us. (Frankl 1988:70).Not only does meaning rewards us, it gives us strength it gives life sustained worth and defines our unique purpose. Whilst suggesting meaning is waiting to be discovered right in front of us in everyday life, one has to acknowledge that there may be a deeper meaning to life. Or as Frankl calls it â€Å"ultimate meaning† (Frankl 2000:143). This is meaning of the whole – of life as a whole or of our life as a whole. And the comprehension of this is beyond our mental faculties, which positions ultimate meaning in a realm inaccessible to reason or intellect (Frankl 2000:144).And as he puts it â€Å"but what is unknowable need not be unbelievable. In fact where knowledge gives up, the torch is passed on the faith† (Frankl 200:146). Or as Albert Einstain once said: â€Å"supra-meaning is no longer a matter of think ing but rather a matter of believing† (Ffankl 1998:145). To sum up, meaning is connected to purpose, to goals, a mission and linked to a cause beyond and outside ourselves. The key enabler to fining meaning is hidden in our conscious where we can awaken an element of tension and become aware of how things are now and how things could be.To attain meaning requires an open attitude and requires us to choose, to interact and engage with life. It shapes our life and makes everything worthwhile. In a logotherapeutic session, the following diagram could serve as a discussion guide: How meaningful life could be (what we do, experience of or the attitude we take) Indispensible noetic tension of what ought to be How things are now * Become aware of uniquely personal values, strengths, dreams, and existing characteristics of life. * Use these realities as guideposts towards what ought to be. What does meaning mean to me?Thinking about my own experience of meaning, I am aware of the many sources I have tapped into and could still tap into, in order to experience a more fulfilling and purposeful life. Within all the dimensions and facets of my life, meaning lurks. And by this I do not imply by any means that my life is ultimately fulfilling at the moment or that I have identified all the places and sources of finding meaning. It is rather a case of me having noticed the rays of meaning by what I did, experienced or by the stance I took in my journey through life up to now.It’s been said that if life’s purpose is to find your gift, your mission is to use it – and that makes life meaningful. I am aware happiness and sadness are emotions, and fulfillment is a state of being. Right and wrong are judgmental and when one operates from a higher level of consciousness, there is no judgment. And is in this higher level of being where I find my biggest growth and my most profound meaning. As Frankl states: â€Å"In no way are we justified in speaking of man as only a somatic-psychic whole. Body and psyche may form a unity- a psychophysical unity- but this unity does not yet represent the wholeness of man.Without the spiritual as its essential ground, this wholeness cannot exist† (Frankl 2000:34). If I have to highlight the most meaningful moments or areas of my life, it could be summarized in the meaning matrix below. Reflecting on my own dimensional ontology (Frankl 2000:34) my wholeness exist by recognizing all the dimension of my being. And I am aware of the meaning imbedded in fleeting moments and in longer passages of my life, on different levels. For me the most powerful awareness about meaning is the understanding of where it may be and how to look for it.I have found it in the seemingly most insignificant actions (by giving someone at work a spontaneous hug), and in epic sporting events like finishing 8 day cycle races where shear attitude and commitment got me to the finish line. My meaning matrix. Populating the rea lms of what makes me human according to Frankl’s dimensional ontology with the three principle ways to find meaning. (Frankl 1998:70). Where meaning is foundOntological dimension| What I do/give to life| What I get and experience from life| The attitude I take towards life| Noetic dimension| Acting out my values and setting examples. Being conscious of doing the right thing.Connecting to my consciousness and communicating with my soul. Behaving like it is my mission to make a difference (trying to! ). | Noticing synchronicities, finding peace though spiritual rituals of mediation and contemplation. Receiving feedback from life on the level of my soul. | Having faith in an ultimate meaning, trusting life to be unconditionally meaningful, knowing I have a unique purpose to fulfill no matter how challenging â€Å"this† moment may be. | Psychic dimension| Facilitating coaching conversations, mentoring and counseling people. Assisting people with their personal development and growth.Helping my family and loved ones wherever & however I can. | Meaningful moments with wife, kids and friends – Relationships. Coaching & mentoring someone and noticing the change in perception or awareness. Coaching & mentoring at the school in Soweto. | Resigning myself to what will be and to whatever life challenges me with. Treating challenges and emotional stress as signposts for personal growth. | Somatic dimension| Doing sport and adventure activities with friends (triathlons, cycle rides/races, mountain climbs). Cooking. | Sharing the experiences of bicycle rides, triathlons and mountain climbs with friends.Enjoying a great cup of coffee. | Gritting it out when I suffer physically, reminding me extreme sport is â€Å"what I do† and what gives me energy. | Reflecting on the role of my conscience and my awareness of responsible action, I recognize the healthy tension of what I want to be/have/do, and what ought to be/have/do. This tension is what unlocks meaning and protects me against psychic rigor mortis as Frankl puts it. Finding the balance between responsibility and dependence on something other than ourselves bring into the conversation the concept of authenticity.And the extent to which decisions are based on personal, right choice rather than inclination (as Teria phrased it). By taking full responsibility and not be dependent or rely on what others may say or think, a state of independence and interdependence will be reached. This responsibility also includes acceptance of what happens to one and the attitude with which someone embraces the cards dealt by life. Striking a balance between what is right, authentic and responsible action for me, and what am I inclined to do given the external, dependency based conditioning of conformism and totalitarianism, has shown itself in a number of instances.Whereas I had perceived meaning in some parts of my life, it was greatly lacking in my work environment. I was reveling in my â⠂¬Å"extra mural† sporting activities, had a great circle of friends and enjoyed wonderful times with my family. Yet, my work life was becoming increasingly grey. In 2005, I found myself stuck in a very successful, well paying corporate job at a company that has been my professional home for 25 years. Amidst all the success and trappings of corporate life was the feeling of time and potential being wasted. I was increasingly getting g more irritable with people around me, intolerant and short tempered.I was in an existential vacuum (Frankl 2004:110), and the only meaning I had was my sport where I lived my passion out by focusing on training for endurance events rather than making an effort to attend to my business challenges and responsibilities. I was displaying the classic characteristics of the neurotic triad with behavior of aggression (impatience with people around me), depression (boredom and feeling stuck) and addiction (excessive training). (Graber 2004:124). Over a pe riod of two years I contemplated my corporate life and finally reached the conclusion that my behavior at the time was not any different from that of a mercenary.I was not doing the job the company is paying me for to the fullest of my abilities neither was I free to express myself to my authentic calling. I was not living authentically and not according to my values and was becoming a cheat. â€Å"Man lives by ideals and values. Human existence is not authentic unless it is lived in terms of self-transcendence† (Frankl 1998:52). During this period my brother died of cancer at the relatively young age of 61 and my father passed away at the age of 93. The passing away of my father was in itself not a traumatic experience for me and by all accounts, not for him.As a Springbok track athlete he often referred to himself as â€Å"having run his last lap† and being ready to pass on. â€Å"For me the bell of the last lap has tolled. I am ready to die†, he often would t ell me. Maybe the death of my brother and father in the space of this time reminded me of the transitoriness of life. I was becoming acutely aware of the wealth in health and how important it is to do what my heart was telling me. I was increasingly questioning myself on what am I still doing here in a crude rendition of a Socratic dialogue.Confronting myself with questions like: * What is the worst that could happen? * Is this it? * Although I am successful, where to from here? * What advice will some of my mentors give me? * What if I was to get terminally ill – will I regret not having made the decision to leave? * But the most powerful question was a promise I made myself about 20 years earlier in my life, when as a 16 year old school boy, I likened myself to David Livingstone, the explorer. And I was not living this dream! I too wanted to explore one day. And this dream was slipping away from me.During the month of December 2006, I made the decision to resign. The tensio n I felt was text book existential vacuum but I had no idea and very little understanding on how to deal with it. although I was thinking about resigning constantly I am not sure exactly what made me do it that time and at the moment I did. A financial bonus had some effect on the timing of my public announcement but the final internal trigger escapes me. All I recall is one day standing alone in an office looking at the blue sky outside and thinking â€Å"there’s a sun shining outside, but not in here where I am! maybe this realization was final confirmation for me to get off my backside and step into the sun. This dynamic tension I experienced at the time can be graphically illustrated as follows: Consequences and possible outcomes of in-authentic actions What I want or must (selfish desire, conformism or totalitarianism) Dynamic tension within my conscience to do the right thing. The voice of reason with me which will guide me towards meaning. Consequences and possible ou tcomes of authentic right action Where am I nowWhat I ought (right action) Consequences of being responsible (and of being irresponsible) was particularly high on my agenda during this time. The consequences of staying in my current job felt to me like a bad compromise. I would have been untrue to myself, my company and my family by hanging around any longer. I felt torn between being responsible to a deep-felt desire to seek out a more purposeful life of meaning vs perpetuating lucrative mediocrity. Once the decision was taken and announced, I felt liberated, free and terribly alone.What I had to do here, is to look beyond my immediate circumstances to what might be. I had a dream and had to make some pretty uncomfortable decisions in order to get myself out of the headspace I was stuck in. Self transcendence, knowing that there is more waiting for me to be discovered covered my thinking. It was clear to me that the work has only just begun. As clear as I was that it’s time to go, as unclear was I on where to. It took me quite some time to get used to my new status as a free agent and many times felt anxious by my scope of free action.Too many choices and a deliberate action to seek out something new and meaningful lead me in many interesting directions – not all of them meaningful. Finally after almost 18 months of searching did I find a new rhythm and sense of energy. Like a snowball it gained momentum and with it, clarity of what I find meaningful as a vocation – helping people discover meaning in their own lives. My search for a new career had lead me to â€Å"adventure coaching† or what I would like to term â€Å"experiential logotherapy†. I have managed to manifest a ombination of two personal passions – physical adventure and helping people discover something unique about themselves best described by the personal development journeys to the slums of India and Everest Base Camp. This has become the signature pie ces of my new career – taking people on adventurous journeys mixing physical experience with contemplating matters of the mind and connecting to a deeper self. The EBC journey will be the subject of my research workshop and I will present more detail on this experience later in the year.Teaching in a Delhi slum school – I took people on a personal development journey in October 2011. At the moment I apply myself in 4 areas: Corporate Talent Management (businesses in Sandton) , Individual counseling and coaching (various types of people), Adventure coaching (journeys to India and Nepal) and Empowerment coaching (coaching disadvantaged black school kids). My empowerment coaching initiative is worth a mention. I do this at a school in Dobsonville, Soweto and this came about as follows: In 2010 I decided to climb Aconcagua in South America – the highest mountain in the world outside the Himalayas.I had taken the decision to do this expedition on my own, but was look ing for a cause that could benefit and hope to turn it into a fundraising campaign. A friend of mine was involved with a corporate social responsibility initiative called â€Å"one school at a time† and this fitted perfectly. He had identified Forte High school in Dobsonville as the first beneficiary of this CSI program and we turned my Aconcagua expedition into a fundraising campaign for the school. We managed to raise R530,000 through corporate contacts I had and the expedition was a huge success in financial terms.The climb itself was the hardest thing I’ve ever done and the lows I reached and internal change I experienced is food for another essay! Suffice to say I didn’t make it to the top as we were caught in a constant snow storm for 5 days at an altitude of 5,600m. Stuck for 5 days in a high altitude camp weakened us severely and when our food eventually ran out we pulled the plug and headed home. Some big logotherapy experiences! However, when I got bac k to SA I decided to do more at the school and offered to start group coaching conversations with some of the kids.Since then I have been working with groups of grade 10 and 11 kids facilitating structured conversations about whatever they choose to talk about – topics include confidence, fear, reaching dreams, relationships and doing picture dream boards. I am slowly working logotherapy into the conversations and the kids love it! Fundraising campaign in Johannesburg in October 2010 and carrying the flag on Aconcagua, South America (I’m on the right). In July this year, I will be taking a group of 15 high school kids to Dharamsala, India where the Dalai Lama lives, to â€Å"teach English to Tibetan monks†.This is part of their personal development program and aims to awaken gratitude, patience, understanding and strong sense of purpose with participants. We will go for 8 days and I am coordinating this journey directly with the office of the Tibetan People in C enturion. Responsibility is something I am acutely aware of. However, in the past couple of years I have become consciously aware of my responsibility to â€Å"be more† and not merely to â€Å"provide†. Life has so much to offer and if I can overcome my own self limiting beliefs and connect to my inner source of energy, I will be more.To make a difference and be of value are my governing intentions and I am constantly aware of the effort it takes to be authentic and responsible to the life that has been given to me. The opportunities and potentialities I encounter persistently remind me of what could be and pulls me towards living meaningfully. I am dependent on my own conscience and my faith in life, that meaning is all around me. I am also aware of the tasks and challenges life presents to me and believe that it is up to me to make it happen – not anyone else. Reference list: 1. Shantall, T 2002.Life’s meaning in the face of suffering. Testimonies of ho locaust survivors. Hebrew University Magnes Press. ISBN 965-493-142-7. 2. Frankl, V E 1988. The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy. Expanded edition. First Meridian Printing. 3. Frankl, V E 2000. Man’s search for ultimate meaning. Perseus Publishing. ISBN-13: 978-0-7382-0354-6. 4. Graber, A V 2004. Victor Frankl’s Logotherapy: Method of Choice in Ecumenical Pastoral Psychotherapy. Wyndham Hall Press. ISBN 1-55605-364-9. 5. Lukas, E 1998. Logotherapy Textbook: Meaning centered Psychotherapy. Liberty Press. ISBN 0-9686496-1-0.